JupiterOne data model

The JupiterOne Data Model is a reference model that illustrates digital resources and their complex interconnections across all ingested resources of an organization within an entity-relationship graph.

The data model is defined by a set of Entities and their Relationships, operating as an adaptable model rather than a strict or rigid structure.

Entities

An Entity is a node, or vertex, within the JupiterOne graph that represents a resource within your digital infrastructure.

Each entity has a specific type that defines what that entity is and is assigned one or more higher-level class that represents a more abstract categorization or labeling of the entity in the perspective of security and technical operations.

Entities have a dedicated type as well as a broader level class for categorization at a more abstract level:

• Entity Type: denotes the specific entity type based on the entity's source. For example, an AWS resource may be of type aws_instance, aws_s3_bucket, or aws_iam_use.
• Entity Class: an abstract, super-type that classifies an entity within the general framework of IT and security operations. In the above example, an aws_instance entity has a class of Host, while an aws_s3_bucket is a DataStore, and an aws_iam_user a User.

Common entity properties

Most entities will share the following common properties:

Property	Type	Description
id	string,array	Identifiers of this entity assigned by the providers. Values are expected to be unique within the provider scope.
name	string	Name of this entity
displayName	string	Display name, e.g. a person's preferred name or an AWS account alias
summary	string	A summary / short description of this entity.
description	string	An extended description of this entity.
classification	string,null	The sensitivity of the data; should match company data classification scheme
criticality	integer	A number that represents the value or criticality of this entity, on a scale between 1-10.
risk	integer	The risk level of this entity, on a scale between 1-10.
trust	integer	The trust level of this entity, on a scale between 1-10.
complianceStatus	number	The compliance status of the entity, as a percentage of compliancy.
status	string	Status of this entity set by the external source system or by a user, e.g. Active, Inactive, Decommissioned
active	boolean	Indicates if this entity is currently active.
public	boolean	Indicates if this is a public-facing resource (e.g. a public IP or public DNS record) or if the entity is publicly accessible. Default is false.
validated	boolean	Indicates if this node has been validated as a known/valid Entity.
temporary	boolean	Indicates if this node is a temporary resource, such as a lambda instance or an EC2 instance started by ECS.
trusted	boolean	Indicates if this is a trusted resource. For example, a trusted Network, Host, Device, Application, Person, User, or Vendor.
createdOn	number	The timestamp (in milliseconds since epoch) when the entity was created at the source. This is different than _createdOn which is the timestamp the entity was first ingested into JupiterOne.
updatedOn	number	The timestamp (in milliseconds since epoch) when the entity was last updated at the source.
deletedOn	number	The timestamp (in milliseconds since epoch) when the entity was deleted at the source.
discoveredOn	number	The timestamp (in milliseconds since epoch) when the entity was discovered.
expiresOn	number	If the entity is a temporary resource, optionally set the expiration date. For example, the expiration date of an SSL cert.
createdBy	string	The source/principal/user that created the entity
updatedBy	string	The source/principal/user that updated the entity
deletedBy	string	The source/principal/user that deleted the entity
discoveredBy	string	The source/principal/user that discovered the entity
webLink	string	Web link to the source. For example: https://console.aws.amazon.com/iam/home#/roles/Administrator. This property is used by the UI to add a hyperlink to the entity.
owner	string	The owner of this entity. This could reference the name of the owner, or as reference ID/key to another entity in the graph as the owner.
tags	array	An array of unnamed tags
notes	array	User provided notes about this entity

Findings Severity Data Normalization

When JupiterOne ingests data from an integration or an API, it uses the property severity to normalize the severity rates of findings when severity is present. Normalizing the data simplifies searches and queries that apply to vendors with properties or values that are semantically equivalent but with different names and values. For example, severity: LOW and Severity: Critical properties would be normalized to severity: low and severity: critical, respectively but the original values remain available in raw_severity. Not all findings data has a severity rating. In that case, JupiterOne does not normalize a severity value. For more information about normalization, see Entity Property Normalization.

Additional entity properties

In addition to the common entity properties outlined above, there are additional properties that can exist on entities. These properties are dependant upon class or are custom defined.

Class-specific Entity properties

Each specific class of Entity also has its own defined properties. For example, a Person entity will have properties including firstName and lastName, while a Device entity may have properties such as hardwareVendor, hardwareModel, and hardwareSerial.

Custom entity properties

You can also define custom properties for entity types. These are defined by the source system to which the resource belongs and can also be defined by individuals or teams managing the property resource.

Defined entities

Below is a list of reference entities as defined by the JupiterOne Data model, each with its own respective unique properties outside of the shared common properties outlined above.

Entity	Description
AccessKey	A key used to grant access, such as ssh-key, access-key, api-key/token, mfa-token/device, etc.
AccessPolicy	A policy for access control assigned to a Host, Role, User, UserGroup, or Service.
AccessRole	An access control role mapped to a Principal (e.g. user, group, or service).
Account	An organizational account for a service or a set of services (e.g. AWS, Okta, Bitbucket Team, Google G-Suite account, Apple Developer Account). Each Account should be connected to a Service.
Alert	A notice of any unusual or dangerous circumstance that is sent to responsible parties for the purpose of triggering action.
Application	A software product or application.
ApplicationEndpoint	An application endpoint is a program interface that either initiates or receives a request, such as an API.
Assessment	An object to represent an assessment, including both compliance assessment such as a HIPAA Risk Assessment or a technical assessment such as a Penetration Testing. Each assessment should have findings (e.g. Vulnerability or Risk) associated.
Attacker	An attacker or threat actor.
Backup	A specific repository or data store containing backup data.
Certificate	A digital Certificate such as an SSL or S/MIME certificate.
Channel	A communication channel, such as a Slack channel or AWS SNS topic.
Cluster	A cluster of compute or database resources/workloads.
CodeCommit	A code commit to a repo. The commit id is captured in the _id property of the Entity.
CodeDeploy	A code deploy job.
CodeModule	A software module. Such as an npm_module or java_library.
CodeRepo	A source code repository. A CodeRepo is also a DataRepository therefore should carry all the required properties of DataRepository.
CodeReview	A code review record.
Configuration	A Configuration contains definitions that describe a resource such as a Task, Deployment or Workload. For example, an aws_ecs_task_definition is a Configuration.
Container	A standard unit of software that packages up code and all its dependencies and configurations.
Control	A security or IT Control. A control can be implemented by a vendor/service, a person/team, a program/process, an automation code/script/configuration, or a system/host/device. Therefore, this is most likely an additional Class applied to a Service (e.g. Okta SSO), a Device (e.g. a physical firewall), or a HostAgent (e.g. Carbon Black CbDefense Agent). Controls are mapped to security policy procedures and compliance standards/requirements.
ControlPolicy	An technical or operational policy with rules that govern (or enforce, evaluate, monitor) a security control.
CryptoKey	A key used to perform cryptographic functions, such as an encryption key.
DataCollection	An individual collection of data. The collection may exist in various formats, such as a table (e.g. a MySQL table). The exact data type is described in the _type property of the Entity.
DataObject	An individual data object, such as an aws-s3-object, sharepoint-document, source-code, or a file (on disk). The exact data type is described in the _type property of the Entity.
DataStore	A virtual repository where data is stored, such as aws-s3-bucket, aws-rds-cluster, aws-dynamodb-table, bitbucket-repo, sharepoint-site, docker-registry. The exact type is described in the _type property of the Entity.
Database	A database cluster/instance.
Deployment	A deployment of code, application, infrastructure or service. For example, a Kubernetes deployment. An auto scaling group is also considered a deployment.
Device	A physical device or media, such as a server, laptop, workstation, smartphone, tablet, router, firewall, switch, wifi-access-point, usb-drive, etc. The exact data type is described in the _type property of the Entity.
Directory	Directory, such as LDAP or Active Directory.
Disk	A disk storage device such as an AWS EBS volume
Document	A document or data object.
Domain	An internet domain.
DomainRecord	The DNS Record of a Domain Zone.
DomainZone	The DNS Zone of an Internet Domain.
Entity	A node in the graph database that represents an Entity. This reference schema defines common shared properties among most Entities.
Finding	A security finding, which may be a vulnerability or just an informative issue. A single finding may impact one or more resources. The IMPACTS relationship between the Vulnerability and the resource entity that was impacted serves as the record of the finding. The IMPACTS relationship carries properties such as 'identifiedOn', 'remediatedOn', 'remediationDueOn', 'issueLink', etc.
Firewall	A piece of hardware or software that protects a network/host/application.
Framework	An object to represent a standard compliance or technical security framework.
Function	A virtual application function. For example, an aws_lambda_function, azure_function, or google_cloud_function
Gateway	A gateway/proxy that can be a system/appliance or software service, such as a network router or application gateway.
GraphObject	Standard metadata properties of a graph object, maintained by the system. These are visible to users but may not be directly modified.
Group	A defined, generic group of Entities. This could represent a group of Resources, Users, Workloads, DataRepositories, etc.
Host	A Host represents a computer, virtual machine, or other device that can run software and connect to a network.
HostAgent	A software agent or sensor that runs on a host/endpoint.
Image	A system image. For example, an AWS AMI (Amazon Machine Image).
Incident	An operational or security incident. An event that negatively affects the confidentiality, integrity or availability of an organization's assets.
Internet	The Internet node in the graph. There should be only one Internet node.
IpAddress	An re-assignable IpAddress resource entity. Do not create an entity for an IP Address configured on a Host. Use this only if the IP Address is a reusable resource, such as an Elastic IP Address object in AWS.
IpRange	consecutive set of IP addresses used for network addressing and management.
Issue	An issue as used by GitHub, Jira, or other project trackers.
Key	An ssh-key, access-key, api-key/token, pgp-key, etc.
Logs	A specific repository or destination containing application, network, or system logs.
Model	A system of postulates, data, and inferences presented as a mathematical description of an entity or state of affairs. For example, a machine learning model.
Module	A software or hardware module. Such as an npm_module or java_library.
Network	A network, such as an aws-vpc, aws-subnet, cisco-meraki-vlan.
NetworkEndpoint	A network endpoint for connecting to or accessing network resources. For example, NFS mount targets or VPN endpoints.
NetworkInterface	An re-assignable software defined network interface resource entity. Do not create an entity for a network interface configured on a Host. Use this only if the network interface is a reusable resource, such as an Elastic Network Interface object in AWS.
Organization	An organization, such as a company (e.g. JupiterOne) or a business unit (e.g. HR). An organization can be internal or external. Note that there is a more specific Vendor class.
PR	A pull request.
PasswordPolicy	A password policy is a specific Ruleset. It is separately defined because of its pervasive usage across digital environments and the well known properties (such as length and complexity) unique to a password policy.
Person	An entity that represents an actual person, such as an employee of an organization.
Policy	A written policy documentation.
Port	A number assigned to identify a network communication endpoint.
Problem	A problem identified from the analysis and correlation of assets and findings that is a notable issue worthy of action. It could be (or become) the cause, or potential cause, of one or more incidents or findings.
Procedure	A written procedure and control documentation. A Procedure typically IMPLEMENTS a parent Policy. An actual Control further IMPLEMENTS a Procedure.
Process	A compute process -- i.e. an instance of a computer program / software application that is being executed by one or many threads. This is NOT a program level operational process (i.e. a Procedure).
Product	A product developed by the organization, such as a software product.
Program	A program. For example, a bug bounty/vuln disclosure program.
Project	A software development project. Can be used for other generic projects as well but the defined properties are geared towards software development projects.
Question	An object that represents an inquiry, usually around some matter of uncertainty or difficulty.
Queue	A scheduling queue of computing processes or devices.
Record	A DNS record; or an official record (e.g. Risk); or a written document (e.g. Policy/Procedure); or a reference (e.g. Vulnerability/Weakness). The exact record type is captured in the _type property of the Entity.
RecordEntity	A node in the graph database that represents a Record Entity, with a set of different defined common properties than standard (resource) entities.
Repository	A repository that contains resources. For example, a Docker container registry repository hosting Docker container images.
Requirement	An individual requirement for security, compliance, regulation or design.
Resource	A generic assignable resource. A resource is typically non-functional by itself unless used by or attached to a host or workload.
Review	A review record.
Risk	An object that represents an identified Risk as the result of an Assessment. The collection of Risk objects in JupiterOne make up the Risk Register. A Control may have a MITIGATES relationship to a Risk.
Root	The root node in the graph. There should be only one Root node per organization account.
Rule	An operational or configuration compliance rule, often part of a Ruleset.
Ruleset	An operational or configuration compliance ruleset with rules that govern (or enforce, evaluate, monitor) a security control or IT system.
Scanner	A system vulnerability, application code or network infrastructure scanner.
Secret	A stored encrypted secret, accessed by permitted users or applications.
Section	An object to represent a section such as a compliance section.
Service	A service provided by a vendor.
Site	The physical location of an organization. A Person (i.e. employee) would typically has a relationship to a Site (i.e. located_at or work_at). Also used as the abstract reference to AWS Regions.
Standard	An object to represent a standard such as a compliance or technical standard.
Subscription	A subscription to a service or channel.
Task	A computational task. Examples include AWS Batch Job, ECS Task, etc.
Team	A team consists of multiple member Person entities. For example, the Development team or the Security team.
ThreatIntel	Threat intelligence captures information collected from vulnerability risk analysis by those with substantive expertise and access to all-source information. Threat intelligence helps a security professional determine the risk of a vulnerability finding to their organization.
Training	A training module, such as a security awareness training or secure development training.
User	A user account/login to access certain systems and/or services. Examples include okta-user, aws-iam-user, ssh-user, local-user (on a host), etc.
UserGroup	A user group, typically associated with some type of access control, such as a group in Okta or in Office365. If a UserGroup has an access policy attached, and all member Users of the UserGroup would inherit the policy.
Vault	A collection of secrets such as a key ring
Vendor	An external organization that is a vendor or service provider.
Vulnerability	A security vulnerability (application or system or infrastructure). A single vulnerability may relate to multiple findings and impact multiple resources. The IMPACTS relationship between the Vulnerability and the resource entity that was impacted serves as the record of the finding. The IMPACTS relationship carries properties such as 'identifiedOn', 'remediatedOn', 'remediationDueOn', 'issueLink', etc.
Weakness	A security weakness.
Workflow	A workflow such as an AWS CodePipeline, GitHub repository workflow, or Apache Airflow.
Workload	A virtual compute instance, it could be an aws-ec2-instance, a docker-container, an aws-lambda-function, an application-process, or a vmware-instance. The exact workload type is described in the _type property of the Entity.

Special entities

There are three special, singleton entities within the JupiterOne data model as well:

Entity	Description
Everyone	The global UserGroup the represents "everyone" publicly.
Internet	The Internet, i.e., a Network entity with a CIDR value of 0.0.0.0/0
Root	The entity that represents the top-level organization.

Relationships

Relationships are the edges between two entity nodes in the graph. The _class of the relationship should be, in most cases, a generic descriptive verb, such as HAS or IMPLEMENTS. Relationships can also carry their own properties.

For example, CodeRepo -- DEPLOYED TO -> Host may have version as a property on the DEPLOYED relationship. This represents the mapping between a code repo to multiple deployment targets, while one deployment may be of a different version of the code than another. Storing the version as a relationship property allows us to avoid duplicate instances of the code repo entity being created to represent different versions.

Relationships also have the same metadata properties as entities, which are managed by the integration providers.

Findings Severity Data Normalization

When JupiterOne ingests data from an integration or an API, it uses the property j1_severity to normalize the severity rates of findings when severity is present. Normalizing the data simplifies searches and queries that apply to vendors with properties or values that are semantically equivalent but with different names and values. For example, vendor1_severity and vendor2_severity properties would be normalized to be j1_severity, but the original values remain in the database. Not all findings data has a severity rating. In that case, JupiterOne does not provide the j1_severity for those findings.

Example queries:

find Finding with [j1_severity] = "high" This query returns a list of all findings with a normalized severity of “high”.

find Finding with [j1_severity] != undefined as f RETURN f.[j1_severity], count (f) This query returns a count of all findings in JupiterOne grouped by j1_severity.

Relationship examples

Below is a list of example relationships between abstract entity classes.

HAS / CONTAINS

      Account         -- HAS ->             User
      Account         -- HAS ->             UserGroup
      Account         -- HAS ->             AccessRole
      Account         -- HAS ->             Resource
      CodeRepo        -- HAS ->             Vulnerability
      Host            -- HAS ->             Vulnerability
      Organization    -- HAS ->             Site
      Organization    -- HAS ->             Organization (e.g. a business unit)
      Application     -- HAS ->             Vulnerability
      CodeRepo        -- HAS ->             Vulnerability
      Host            -- HAS ->             Vulnerability
      Service         -- HAS ->             Vulnerability
      Site            -- HAS ->             Network
      Site            -- HAS ->             Site
      UserGroup       -- HAS ->             User
      Network         -- CONTAINS ->        Host
      Network         -- CONTAINS ->        Database
      Network         -- CONTAINS ->        Network (e.g. a subnet)

IS / OWNS

User            -- IS ->              Person
Vulnerability   -- IS ->              Vulnerability (e.g. a Snyk Vuln IS a CVE)
Person          -- OWNS ->            Device

EXPLOITS / IMPACTS

Vulnerability   -- EXPLOITS ->        Weakness
Vulnerability   -- IMPACTS  ->        CodeRepo | Application

USES

Host            -- USES ->            Resource (e.g. aws_instance USES aws_ebs_volume)

CONNECTS / TRIGGERS / EXTENDS

Application     -- CONNECTS ->        Account
Gateway         -- CONNECTS ->        Network
Gateway         -- TRIGGERS ->        Function
HOST            -- EXTENDS  ->        Resource

IMPLEMENTS / MITIGATES

Procedure       -- IMPLEMENTS ->      Policy
Control         -- IMPLEMENTS ->      Policy
Control         -- MITIGATES  ->      Risk

MANAGES

Person          -- MANAGES ->         Person
Person          -- MANAGES ->         Organization
Person          -- MANAGES ->         Team
User            -- MANAGES ->         Account
User            -- MANAGES ->         UserGroup
ControlPolicy   -- MANAGES ->         Control
AccessPolicy    -- MANAGES ->         AccessRole

EVALUATES / MONITORS / PROTECTS

ControlPolicy   -- EVALUATES ->       <any entity>
HostAgent       -- MONITORS  ->       Host
HostAgent       -- PROTECTS  ->       Host

TRUSTS

AccessRole      -- TRUSTS ->          AccessRole
AccessRole      -- TRUSTS ->          Service
AccessRole      -- TRUSTS ->          Account

ASSIGNED

User            -- ASSIGNED ->        Application
User            -- ASSIGNED ->        AccessRole
UserGroup       -- ASSIGNED ->        AccessRole

IDENTIFIED / PERFORMED / COMPLETED

Person          -- PERFORMED  ->      Assessment
Person          -- COMPLETED  ->      Training
Assessment      -- IDENTIFIED ->      Risk
Assessment      -- IDENTIFIED ->      Vulnerability

PROVIDES

Vendor          -- PROVIDES ->        Service

CONTRIBUTES TO

User            -- CONTRIBUTES TO ->  CodeRepo

OPENED

User            -- OPENED   ->        CodeReview (i.e. PR)

DEPLOYED TO

CodeRepo        -- DEPLOYED TO ->     Account
CodeRepo        -- DEPLOYED TO ->     Host
CodeRepo        -- DEPLOYED TO ->     Container
CodeRepo        -- DEPLOYED TO ->     Function